PHARMA LITERATI

1.        University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA https://pharmgradprograms.usc.edu/healthecon/ 2.        University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA https://pharmacy.uiowa.edu/pse 3.        MCPHS University, Boston, MA. https://www.mcphs.edu/academics/school-of-pharmacy/pharmaceutical-sciences/pharmaceutics-economics-and-policy-ms 4.        Xavier University , Cincinnati, OH https://online.xavier.edu/online-masters-health-outcomes-research/ 5.        University of Houston, Houston, TX http://www.uh.edu/pharmacy/prospective-students/graduate-programs/phop/ 6.        University of Washington-Seattle Campus www.washington.edu 7.        University of Minnesota-Twin Cities       https://twin-cities.umn.edu/ 8.        Duquesne University       https://www.duq.edu/ 9.        University of Florida      www.ufl.edu 10.    University of Tennessee Health Science Centre        http://www.uthsc.edu/ Conclusion for the part 1, 2 and

ABSTRACT: Pharmacoeconomics focuses on the costs and benefits of drug therapy and pharmacoeconomic evaluations provide a basis for resource allocation and utilization. It is increasingly becoming important for health policy decision-making. A pharmacoeconomic evaluation may be conducted as an economic assessment incorporated into clinical trials. Such trials should compare the new drug/procedure with an older drug or existing intervention. Four techniques are used for economic evaluation, namely, cost-minimization analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis and cost-benefit analysis. INTRODUCTION: Pharmacoeconomics  refers to the scientific discipline that compares the value of one pharmaceutical drug or drug therapy to another.  Pharmacoeconomic studies serve to guide optimal healthcare resource allocation, in a standardized and scientifically grounded manner. Pharmacoeconomics centres on the  economic evaluation  of  pharmaceuticals , and can use  cos

BRIEF HISTORY REGARDING PHARMACOECONOMICS One of the first times that the term Pharmacoeconomics was used in a public forum was in 1986, at a meeting of Pharmacists in Toronto, Canada, when Ray Townsend , from the Upjohn Company, used the term in a presentation. Ray and a few others had been performing studies using the term Pharmacoeconomics within the pharmaceutical industry since the early eighties. Today, Pharmacoeconomics research is a flourishing industry with many practitioners, a large research and applications agenda, several journals and flourishing professional societies including the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research                                                                                                           Pharmaceutical models: The main pharmaceutical models are: 1) Decision tree model: A decision tree is a flowchart-like structure in which each internal node represents a “test” on an attribute (e.g. whether a c